Archive for category: Anycerti.com – BLOG

MIL-STD-810G 시험항목

18 Aug 2017 Comments
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아래는 MIL-STD-810G Part Two (II)에서 기술된 시험방법들 입니다.

MIL-STD-810G Method 500.6 Low Pressure (Altitude)
MIL-STD-810G Method 501.6 High Temperature
MIL-STD-810G Method 502.6 Low Temperature
MIL-STD-810G Method 503.6 Temperature Shock
MIL-STD-810G Method 504.2 Contamination by Fluids
MIL-STD-810G Method 505.6 Solar Radiation (Sunshine)
MIL-STD-810G Method 506.6 Rain
MIL-STD-810G Method 507.6 Humidity
MIL-STD-810G Method 508.7 Fungus
MIL-STD-810G Method 509.6 Salt Fog
MIL-STD-810G Method 510.6 Sand and Dust
MIL-STD-810G Method 511.6 Explosive Atmosphere
MIL-STD-810G Method 512.6 Immersion
MIL-STD-810G Method 513.7 Acceleration
MIL-STD-810G Method 514.7 Vibration
MIL-STD-810G Method 515.7 Acoustic Noise
MIL-STD-810G Method 516.7 Shock
MIL-STD-810G Method 517.2 Pyroshock
MIL-STD-810G Method 518.2 Acidic Atmosphere
MIL-STD-810G Method 519.7 Gunfire Shock
MIL-STD-810G Method 520.4 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, and Altitude
MIL-STD-810G Method 521.4 Icing/Freezing Rain
MIL-STD-810G Method 522.2 Ballistic Shock
MIL-STD-810G Method 523.4 Vibro-Acoustic/Temperature
MIL-STD-810G Method 524.1 Freeze / Thaw
MIL-STD-810G Method 525.1 Time Waveform Replication
MIL-STD-810G Method 526.1 Rail Impact
MIL-STD-810G Method 527.1 Multi-Exciter Test
MIL-STD-810G Method 528.1 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard Equipment (Type I – Environmental and Type II – Internally Excited)

IP Code

IP Code에 대한 이해

IP 5K4K란?

 

IP Code는 보통 international protection Code로 알리어지거나 또는 Ingress protection으로 불려지고 있다. 모두 먼지와 물의 침투에 관한 등급 표기 방식이다.

각 규격 별로 약간의 다른 등급표기가 있으나 의미상 내용은 크게 다르지 않으나 유사한 세부적 분류의 표기법이 있다.

다음은 규격의 전부 또는 일부로써 IP code를 다루고 있는 규격 사례들이며 각 규격의 적용분야는 서로 다르지만 의도하는 목적은 같다.

  1. DIN EN 60068-2-18 ; Environmental testing: water
  2. DIN EN 60529; VDE 0470-1  ;Degrees of Protection provided by Enclosures (IP-Code)
  3. ISO 20653 Road vehicles — Degrees of protection (IP-Code) (replacing DIN 40050)
  4. MIL-STD-810G Rain Dust
  5. NEMA 250 : 전기공업협회
  6. RTCA/DO-160G ; Waterproofness
  7. VW 80000 ; Automotive

 

 

IP Code 표기법

IP X 0

의미

ISO 20653

DIN EN 60529

먼지에 대한 보호

0

0

no protection

1

1

먼지 ≥ 50mm

2

2

먼지 ≥ 12,5mm

3

3

먼지 ≥ 2,5mm

4

4

먼지 ≥ 1mm

5K

5

Dust(먼지) protected

6K

6

Dust(먼지) tight

 

 

 

IP 0 X
물의 침투에 대한 보호

ISO 20653

DIN EN 60529

0

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

4K

-

5

5

6

6

6K

 -

7

7

8

8

 -

9

9K

 -

APN_시험인증_IP_Code_IP4K5K

ASTM E119 Fire Testing

25 Mar 2016 Comments
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ASTM E 119

-  건물 건축 및 건축 재료의 화재 시험을 위한 표준 시험 방법

ASTM E84,  NFPA 285, UL 790, BS 476-6/7, NF P92-507, DIN 4102, EN 13501, GB 8624, BS 476-20,EN 1363 등 있으나 ASTM E119은 이들 보다 특별한 시험이다.

 

ASTM E 119 적용대상

  1. Bearing Walls and Partitions
  2. Columns
  3. Floors and Roofs
  4. Loaded Restrained Beams
  5. Nonbearing Walls and Partitions
  6. Protective Membranes in Wall, Partition, Floor, Roof Assemblies
  7. Solid Structural Steel Beams, Girders
  8. Structural Steel Columns

 

ASTM E 119 관련 참고 규격

  1. ASTM C 569 Indentation Hardness of Preformed Thermal Insulations
  2. ASTM E 176 Terminology for Fire Standards

 

ASTM E 119 측정 단계

  1. 1000°F (538°C) at 5 min
  2. 1300°F (704°C) at 10 min
  3. 1550°F (843°C) at 30 min
  4. 1700°F (927°C) at 1 h
  5. 1850°F (1010°C) at 2 h
  6. 2000°F (1093°C) at 4 h
  7. 2300°F (1260°C) at 8 h

 

HOSE STREAM TEST

소방수 분사 시험의 일종으로 정해진 압력으로 소방수를 방수한 후 그 결과를 확인함.

ASTM E 119 비교대상

BS 476-20 : Fire tests on building materials and structures – Method for determination of fire resistance of elements of construction

EN 1363 : Fire Resistance Tests

 

[참고] 규격별 구분.

1.     Cone Calorimeter
           - ASTM E1354
2.     ISMA
           - NFPA 285. ASTM E2307
3.     Large Scale Vertical Furnace
            – ASTM E119. ASTM E1966. NFPA 251. NFPA 252. NFPA 257. UL 9. UL 10B. UL 10C. UL 263.
4.     Roof Testing
           - ASTM E108. UL 790
5.     Small Scale
           - ASTM D635. ASTM D1929. ASTM D2843. ASTM E136. NFPA 701.
6.     Steiner Tunnel
           - ASTM E84. UL 723. CAN/ULC-S102. NFPA 255

시료의 사례)

ASTM E119_Wall_Construction_3Hrs_hose stream

ASTM E119 Fire Testing

MBN LV 124-1

16 Mar 2016 Comments
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MBN LV 124-1

Mercedes Benz Company Standard MBN LV 124-1 : Electric and Electronic Components in Motor Vehicles up to 3,5t-General Requirements, Test Conditions and tests, Part 1 : Electrical Requirements and test 12 V On – Board Electrical System.

 

MBN LV 124-1 규격은 Benz, BMW, Audi, Daimler, Porsche, Volkswagen 등 완성차 제조사 들이 Working Group 4.9 (Process Assurance of Supplier Hardware Quality of Electronic Components)에 참여하여 작성한 이들 회사의 회사 공통 규격이다.

 

이 규격은 Part 1 : Part 1 : Electrical Requirements and test 12 V On – Board Electrical System.  및 Part 2 : Environmental Requirements  등 두 가지의 규격으로 나눠진다.

 

이 규격 MEN LV124는 Part 1에서 Electrical requirements and tests 의 E-01~E22, Part 2에서 Environmental requirements의 8. Mechanical 은 M-01~M-06, 9. Climatic Requirements and test 는 K-01~K-18, 11. Life tests는 L-01~L3으로 분류된다.

MBN LV 124 Download

 

 

Acoustics and Vibration

25 Feb 2016 Comments
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소음진동  시험관련

Acoustic Testing은 가정용, 산업용 그리고 우주 항공분야 등 다양한 분야에 적용되고 있습니다.

  • Aeroelastic Analysis
  • Modal Testing
  • Vibro-acoustic Analysis
  • Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA)을 이용한 Acoustic Flight Testing
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) Analysis
  • Press Map Analysis

위 각 방법에 관한 Test planning을 지원하고 있습니다.

 

Acoustic and Airborne

  1. BS EN ISO 10140-1 – Laboratory Measurements of Sound Insulation of Building Elements
  2. BS EN ISO 10140-2 – Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation
  3. BS EN ISO 10140-4 – Measurement Procedures and Requirements
  4. BS EN ISO 10140-5 – Requirements for Test Facilities and Equipment
  5. ANSI/AMCA 210/ASHRAE 51 Figure 12, Figure 15 :Aerodynamic Performance
  6. AMCA 300 : Acoustic Performance
  7. HVI 915 : Loudness Rating
  8. HVI 916 : Air Flow
  9. ANSI/AHRI 430 : Central Station Air Handling Units Aerodynamic Performance
  10. ASTM E90 :Acoustic Louvers Acoustic Performance
  11. ANSI S12.51-2002; ISO 3741: Comparison Method Reference Sound Sources Acoustic Performance
  12. GR-63; GR-487;ETSI EN 300 753;ISO 7779; ISO 3744; ISO 9295 Acoustic Pressure (Sound Pressure Level / Sound Power Level)
  13. EN 12102 : Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages, heat pumps and dehumidifiers with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling Measurement of airborne noise – Determination of the sound power level
  14. EN 12354-1 : Building Acoustic – Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms
  15. EN 12354-2 : Building Acoustic – Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms
  16. EN 12354-3 : Building Acoustic – Part 3: Airborne sound insulation against outdoor sound
  17. EN 12354-4 : Building Acoustic – Part 4: Transmission of indoor sound to the outside
  18. EN 12545 : Footwear, leather and imitation leather goods manufacturing machines Noise test code – Common requirements
  19. EN 12549 : Acoustic Noise test code for fastener driving tools
  20. EN 1265 : Safety of machinery Noise test code – for foundry machines and equipment
  21. EN 12758 : Glass in building Glazing and airborne sound insulation – Product descriptions and determination of properties
  22. EN 13023 : Noise measurement methods – for printing, paper converting, paper making machines and auxiliary equipment – Accuracy grades 2 and 3
  23. EN 1330-9 : Non-destructive testing Terms used in Acoustic emission testing
  24. EN 13477-1 : Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission – Part 1: Equipment description
  25. EN 13477-2 : Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission – Part 2: Verification of operating characteristic
  26. EN 13554 : Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing – General principles
  27. EN 13819-2 : Hearing protectors , Testing , Acoustic test methods
  28. EN 13950 : Gypsum board thermal/Acoustic insulation composite panels
  29. EN 14389-1 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 1: Acoustical characteristics
  30. EN 14389-2 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 2: Non-Acoustical characteristics
  31. EN 14462 : Surface treatment equipment Noise test code- for surface treatment equipment including its ancillary handling equipment – Accuracy grades 2 and 3
  32. EN 14496 : Gypsum based adhesives for thermal/Acoustic insulation composite panels and plasterboards
  33. EN 14584 : Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing – Examination of metallic pressure equipment during proof testing – Planar location of AE sources
  34. EN 14759 : Shutters Acoustic insulation – relative to airborne sound – Expression of performance
  35. EN 1501-4 : Refuse collection vehicles and their associated lifting devices Noise test code for refuse collection vehicles
  36. EN 15036-1 : Heating boilers airborne noise emissions from heat generators – Part 1: Airborne noise emissions from heat generators
  37. EN 15036-2 : Heating boilers airborne noise emissions from heat generators – Part 2: Flue gas noise emissions at the outlet of the heat generator
  38. EN 15042-1 : Thickness measurement , laser induced surface Acoustic waves
  39. EN 15251 : Indoor environmental input parameters energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and Acoustics
  40. EN 15461 : Railway applications – Characterisation of the dynamic properties of track sections for pass by noise measurements
  41. EN 1547 : Industrial thermoprocessing equipment Noise test code for industrial thermoprocessing equipment including its ancillary handling equipment
  42. EN 15495 : Non Destructive testing – Acoustic emission Examination of metallic pressure equipment during proof testing – Zone location of AE sources
  43. EN 15610 : Railway applications – Rail roughness measurement related to rolling noise generation
  44. EN 15657-1 : Acoustic properties of building elements and of buildings Simplified cases- where the equipment mobilities are much higher than the receiver mobilities, taking whirlpool baths as an example
  45. EN 15892 : Railway applications – Measurement of noise inside driver’s cabs
  46. EN 15910 : Water quality – Guidance on the estimation of fish abundance with mobile hydroAcoustic methods
  47. EN 16025-1 : Thermal and/or sound insulating products in building construction – Bound EPS ballastings – Part 1: Requirements for factory premixed EPS dry plaster
  48. EN 16205 : measurement of walking noise on floors
  49. EN 16272-1 : Railway applications – Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation – Test method for determining the Acoustic performance – Part 1: Intrinsic characteristics – Sound absorption in the laboratory under diffuse sound field conditions
  50. EN 16272-2 : Railway applications – Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation – Test method for determining the Acoustic performance – Part 2: Intrinsic characteristics – Airborne sound insulation in the laboratory under diffuse sound field conditions
  51. EN 16272-3-1 : Railway applications – Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation – Test method for determining the Acoustic performance – Part 3
  52. EN 16272-3-2 : Railway applications – Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation – Test method for determining the Acoustic performance – Part 3
  53. EN 16272-6 : Railway applications – Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation – Test method for determining the Acoustic performance – Part 6: Intrinsic characteristics – In situ values of airborne sound insulation under direct sound field conditions
  54. EN 16286-2 : Railway applications Acoustic measurements
  55. EN 16487 : Acoustic Test code for suspended ceilings – Sound absorption
  56. EN 16583 : Heat exchangers the sound power level
  57. EN 16644 : Rotodynamic pumps Noise test code- (vibro-Acoustics) for measuring structure- and fluid-borne noise
  58. EN 16703 : Acoustics Airborne sound insulation
  59. EN 1746 : Safety of machinery noise clauses of safety
  60. EN 1793-1 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 1: Intrinsic characteristics of sound absorption
  61. EN 1793-2 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 2: Intrinsic characteristics of airborne sound insulation under diffuse sound field conditions
  62. EN 1793-3 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 3: Normalized traffic noise spectrum
  63. EN 1793-4 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 4: Intrinsic characteristics
  64. EN 1793-5 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 5: Intrinsic characteristics
  65. EN 1793-6 : Road traffic noise reducing devices – Part 6: Intrinsic characteristics
  66. EN 1794-1 : Road traffic noise reducing devices , Non-Acoustic performance , Mechanical
  67. EN 1794-2 : Road traffic noise reducing devices , Non-Acoustic performance ,General safety and environmental requirements
  68. EN 1915-4 : Aircraft ground support equipment -Noise measurement methods and reduction
  69. EN 24869-1 : Acoustics Hearing protectors – Subjective method for the measurement of sound attenuation
  70. EN 27574-1 : Acoustics Statistical methods General considerations and definitions
  71. EN 27574-2 : Acoustics Methods for stated values for individual machines
  72. EN 27574-3 : Acoustics Simple (transition) method for stated values for batches of machines
  73. EN 27574-4 : Acoustics Methods for stated values for batches of machines
  74. EN 28960 : Refrigerators, frozen-food storage cabinets and food freezers for household and similar use – Measurement of emission of airborne Acoustical noise
  75. EN 29052-1 : Acoustics Materials used under floating floors in dwellings
  76. EN 29053 : Acoustics Determination of airflow resistance
  77. EN 352-5 : Hearing protectors Active noise reduction- ear-muffs
  78. EN 415-9 : Safety of packaging machines Noise measurement methods -for packaging machines, packaging lines and associated equipment, grade of accuracy 2 and 3
  79. EN ISO 10052 : Acoustic Field measurements of airborne and impact sound insulation and of service equipment sound – Survey method
  80. EN ISO 10140-1 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 1: Application rules for specific products
  81. EN ISO 10140-2 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 2: Measurement of airborne sound insulation
  82. EN ISO 10140-3 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 3: Measurement of impact sound insulation
  83. EN ISO 10140-4 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 4: Measurement procedures and requirements
  84. EN ISO 10140-5 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of sound insulation of building elements – Part 5: Requirements for test facilities and equipment
  85. EN ISO 10534-1 : Acoustic Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedances tubes – Part 1: Method using standing wave ratio
  86. EN ISO 10534-2 : Acoustic Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedances tubes – Part 2: Transfer-function method
  87. EN ISO 10846-1 : Acoustics and vibration – Part 1: Principles and guidelines
  88. EN ISO 10846-2 : Acoustics and vibration – Part 2: Direct method for determination of the dynamic stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion
  89. EN ISO 10846-3 : Acoustics and vibration – Part 3: Indirect method for determination of the dynamic stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion
  90. EN ISO 10846-4 : Acoustics and vibration – Part 4: Dynamic stiffness of elements other than resilient supports for translatory motion
  91. EN ISO 10846-5 : Acoustics and vibration – Part 5: Driving point method for determination of the low-frequency transfer stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion
  92. EN ISO 10848-1 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of the flanking transmission of airborne and impact sound between adjoining rooms – Part 1: Frame document
  93. EN ISO 10848-2 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of the flanking transmission of airborne and impact sound between adjoining rooms – Part 2: Application to light elements when the junction has a small influence
  94. EN ISO 10848-3 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of the flanking transmission of airborne and impact sound between adjoining rooms – Part 3: Application to light elements when the junction has a substantial influence
  95. EN ISO 10848-4 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of the flanking transmission of airborne and impact sound between adjoining rooms – Part 4: Application to junctions with at least one heavy element -
  96. EN ISO 11200 : Acoustic Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Guidelines for the use of basic standards for the determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions
  97. EN ISO 11201 : Acoustic Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane with negligible environmental corrections
  98. EN ISO 11202 : Acoustic Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections
  99. EN ISO 11203 : Acoustic Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level
  100. EN ISO 11204 : Acoustic Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying accurate environmental corrections
  101. EN ISO 11205 : Acoustic Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Engineering method for the determination of emission sound pressure levels in situ at the work station and at other specified positions using sound intensity
  102. EN ISO 11546-1 : Acoustic Determination of sound insulation performances of enclosures – Part 1: Measurements under laboratory conditions
  103. EN ISO 11546-2 : Acoustic Determination of sound insulation performances of enclosures – Part 2: Measurements
  104. EN ISO 11553-3 : Safety of machinery Noise reduction and noise measurement methods- for laser processing machines and hand-held processing devices and associated auxiliary equipment
  105. EN ISO 11654 : Acoustic Sound absorbers for use in buildings – Rating of sound absorption
  106. EN ISO 11688-1 : Acoustic Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment – Part 1: Planning
  107. EN ISO 11688-2 : Acoustic Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment – Part 2: Introduction to the physics of low-noise design
  108. EN ISO 11689 : Acoustic Procedure for the comparison of noise-emission data for machinery and equipment
  109. EN ISO 11690-1 : Acoustic Recommended practice for the design of low-noise workplaces containing machinery – Part 1: Noise control strategies
  110. EN ISO 11690-2 : Acoustic Recommended practice for the design of low-noise workplaces containing machinery – Part 2: Noise control measures
  111. EN ISO 11690-3 : Acoustic Recommended practice for the design of low-noise workplaces containing machinery – Part 3: Sound propagation and noise prediction in workrooms
  112. EN ISO 11691 : Acoustic Measurement of insertion loss of ducted silencers without flow – Laboratory survey method
  113. EN ISO 11819-1 : Acoustic Measurement of the influence of road surfaces on traffic noise – Part 1: Statistical Pass-By method
  114. EN ISO 11820 : Acoustic Measurements on silencers
  115. EN ISO 11821 : Acoustic Measurement of the in situ sound attenuation of a removable screen
  116. EN ISO 11904-1 : Acoustic Determination of sound immission from sound sources placed close to the ear – Part 1: Technique using a microphone in a real ear (MIRE technique)
  117. EN ISO 11904-2 : Acoustic Determination of sound immission from sound sources placed close to the ear – Part 2: Technique using a manikin
  118. EN ISO 11957 : Acoustic Determination of sound insulation performance of cabins – Laboratory and in situ measurements
  119. EN ISO 12001 : Acoustic Noise emitted by machinery and equipment – Rules for the drafting and presentation of a noise test code
  120. EN ISO 12999-1 : Acoustic Determination and application of measurement uncertainties in building Acoustic Part 1: Sound insulation
  121. EN ISO 140-18 : Acoustic Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 18: Laboratory measurement of sound generated by rainfall on building elements
  122. EN ISO 14163 : Acoustic Guidelines for noise control by silencers
  123. EN ISO 14257 : Acoustic Measurement and parametric description of spatial sound distribution curves in workrooms for evaluation of their Acoustical performance
  124. EN ISO 14509-1 : Small craft Airborne sound emitted by powered recreational craft – Part 1: Pass-by measurement procedures
  125. EN ISO 14509-2 : Small craft Airborne sound emitted by powered recreational craft – Part 2: Sound assessment using reference craft
  126. EN ISO 14509-3 : Small craft Airborne sound emitted by powered recreational craft – Part 3: Sound assessment using calculation and measurement procedures
  127. EN ISO 15186-1 : Acoustic Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity – Part 1: Laboratory measurements
  128. EN ISO 15186-2 : Acoustic Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity – Part 2: Field measurements
  129. EN ISO 15186-3 : Acoustic Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity – Part 3: Laboratory measurements at low frequencies
  130. EN ISO 15667 : Acoustic Guidelines for noise control by enclosures and cabins
  131. EN ISO 15744 : Hand-held non-electric power tools Noise measurement code
  132. EN ISO 16032 : Acoustic Measurement of sound pressure level from service equipment in buildings
  133. EN ISO 16251-1 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement of the reduction of transmitted impact noise by floor coverings on a small floor mock-up – Part 1: Heavyweight compact floor
  134. EN ISO 16283-1 : Acoustic Field measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 1: Airborne sound insulation
  135. EN ISO 16283-2 : Acoustic Field measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 2: Impact sound insulation
  136. EN ISO 16283-3 : Acoustic Field measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 3: Façade sound insulation
  137. EN ISO 1680 : Acoustic Test code for the measurement of airborne noise emitted by rotating electrical machines
  138. EN ISO 1683 : Acoustic Preferred reference values for Acoustical and vibratory levels
  139. EN ISO 17201-1 : Acoustic Noise from shooting ranges – Part 1: Determination of muzzle blast by measurement
  140. EN ISO 17201-2 : Acoustic Noise from shooting ranges – Part 2: Estimation of muzzle blast and projectile sound by calculation
  141. EN ISO 17201-3 : Acoustic Noise from shooting ranges – Part 3: Guidelines for sound propagation calculations
  142. EN ISO 17201-4 : Acoustic Noise from shooting ranges – Part 4: Prediction of projectile sound
  143. EN ISO 17201-5 : Acoustics Noise management
  144. EN ISO 17624 : Acoustic Guidelines for noise control in offices and workrooms by means of Acoustical screens
  145. EN ISO 18233 : Acoustic Application of new measurement methods in building and room Acoustics
  146. EN ISO 20361 : Liquid pumps and pump units Noise test code – Grades 2 and 3 of accuracy
  147. EN ISO 2151 : Acoustic Noise test code for compressors and vacuum pumps
  148. EN ISO 22868 : Forestry and gardening machinery Noise test code-for portable hand-held machines with internal combustion engine -(ISO 22868:2011)
  149. EN ISO 23771 : Textile machinery the noise emissions
  150. EN ISO 266 : Acoustic Preferred frequencies
  151. EN ISO 2922 : Acoustic Measurement of airborne sound emitted by vessels on inland waterways and harbours – Amendment 1
  152. EN ISO 3095 : Acoustic Railway applications – Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles
  153. EN ISO 3381 : Railway applications Acoustic Measurement of noise inside railbound vehicles
  154. EN ISO 3382-1 : Acoustic Measurement of room Acoustic parameters – Part 1: Performance spaces
  155. EN ISO 3382-2 : Acoustic Measurement of room Acoustic parameters – Part 2: Reverberation time in ordinary rooms
  156. EN ISO 3382-3 : Acoustic Measurement of room Acoustic parameters – Part 3: Open plan offices
  157. EN ISO 354 : Acoustics Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room
  158. EN ISO 3740 : Acoustic Determination of sound power levels of noise sources – Guidelines for the use of basic standards
  159. EN ISO 3741 : Acoustic Precision methods for reverberation test rooms
  160. EN ISO 3743-1 : Acoustic Engineering methods for small movable sources in reverberant fields – Part 1: Comparison method for a hard-walled test room
  161. EN ISO 3743-2 : Acoustic Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure – Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields – Part 2: Methods for special reverberation test rooms
  162. EN ISO 3744 : Acoustic Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane
  163. EN ISO 3745 : Acoustic Precision methods for anechoic rooms and hemi-anechoic rooms
  164. EN ISO 3746 : Acoustic Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane
  165. EN ISO 3747 : Acoustic Engineering/survey methods for use in situ in a reverberant environment
  166. EN ISO 3822-1 : Acoustic Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations – Part 1: Method of measurement
  167. EN ISO 3822-2 : Acoustic Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations – Part 2: Mounting and operating conditions for draw-off taps and mixing valves
  168. EN ISO 3822-3 : Acoustic Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations – Part 3: Mounting and operating conditions for in-line valves and appliances
  169. EN ISO 3822-4 : Acoustic Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations – Part 4: Mounting and operating conditions for special appliances
  170. EN ISO 389-1 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 1: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and supra-aural earphones
  171. EN ISO 389-2 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 2: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and insert earphones
  172. EN ISO 389-3 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 3: Reference equivalent threshold vibratory force levels for pure tones and bone vibrators
  173. EN ISO 389-4 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 4: Reference levels for narrow-band masking noise
  174. EN ISO 389-5 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 5: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones in the frequency range 8 kHz to 16 kHz
  175. EN ISO 389-6 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 6: Reference threshold of hearing for test signals of short duration
  176. EN ISO 389-7 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 7: Reference threshold of hearing under free-field and diffuse-field listening conditions
  177. EN ISO 389-8 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 8: Reference equivalent threshold sound pressure levels for pure tones and circumaural earphones
  178. EN ISO 389-9 : Acoustic Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment – Part 9: Preferred test conditions for the determination of reference hearing threshold levels
  179. EN ISO 4869-2 : Acoustic Hearing protectors – Part 2: Estimation of effective A-weighted sound pressure levels when hearing protectors are worn
  180. EN ISO 4869-3 : Acoustic Hearing protectors – Part 3: Measurement of insertion loss of ear-muff type protectors using an Acoustic test fixture
  181. EN ISO 4869-4 : Acoustic Hearing protectors – Part 4: Measurement of effective sound pressure levels for level-dependent sound-restoration ear-muffs
  182. EN ISO 4871 : Acoustic Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment
  183. EN ISO 5135 : Acoustic Determination of sound power levels of noise from air terminal devices, air-terminal units, dampers and valves by measurement in a reverberation room
  184. EN ISO 5136 : Acoustic Determination of sound power radiated into a duct by fans and other air-moving devices – In-duct method
  185. EN ISO 6926 : Acoustic Requirements for the performance and calibration of reference sound sources used for the determination of sound power levels
  186. EN ISO 7029 : Acoustic Statistical distribution of hearing threshold as a function of age
  187. EN ISO 717-1 : Acoustic Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 1: Airborne sound insulation
  188. EN ISO 717-2 : Acoustic Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements – Part 2: Impact sound insulation
  189. EN ISO 7235 : Acoustic Laboratory measurement procedures for ducted silencers and air-terminal units – Insertion loss, flow noise and total pressure loss
  190. EN ISO 7779 : Acoustic Measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology and telecommunications equipment
  191. EN ISO 8253-1 : Acoustic Audiometric test methods – Part 1: Pure-tone air and bone conduction audiometry
  192. EN ISO 8253-2 : Acoustic Audiometric test methods – Part 2: Sound field audiometry with pure-tone and narrow-band test signals
  193. EN ISO 8253-3 : Acoustic Audiometric test methods – Part 3: Speech audiometry
  194. EN ISO 9295 : Acoustic Determination of high frequency sound power levels emitted by machinery and equipment
  195. EN ISO 9612 : Acoustic Determination of occupational noise exposure
  196. EN ISO 9614-1 : Acoustic Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity – Part 1: Measurement at discrete points
  197. EN ISO 9614-2 : Acoustic Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity – Part 2: Measurement by scanning
  198. EN ISO 9614-3 : Acoustic Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity – Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning
  199. EN ISO 9902-1 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 1: Common requirements
  200. EN ISO 9902-2 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 2: Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery
  201. EN ISO 9902-3 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 3: Nonwoven machinery
  202. EN ISO 9902-4 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 4: Yarn processing, cordage and rope manufacturing machinery
  203. EN ISO 9902-5 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 5: Weaving and knitting preparatory machinery
  204. EN ISO 9902-6 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 6: Fabric manufacturing machinery
  205. EN ISO 9902-7 : Textile machinery Noise test code – Part 7: Dyeing and finishing machinery

RTCA/DO-160

18 Feb 2016 Comments
Off

아래는 RTCA/DO-160 : Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment  관련 각 Section 별 항목입니다.  DO-160 시험은 각 Category별 분류되어 시험이 수행됩니다. 세부 각 Category별 시험은 해당 규격을 참조할 필요가 있습니다.

  1. Section 2.0 Definitions of Terms – General
  2. Section 3.0 Conditions of Tests
  3. Section 4.0 Temperature and Altitude
      1. Equipment Category  A1-A4,  B1-B4,  C1-C4,  D1-D3,  E1-E2,  F1-F4
  4. Section 5.0 Temperature Variation
      1. Category A-C, S1-S2
  5. Section 6.0 Humidity
    1. Category A-C
  6. Section 7.0 Operational Shocks and Crash Safety
    1. Category A-B, D-E
  7. Section 8.0 Vibration
    1. Category S, R, U, U2,H, Z
  8. Section 9.0 Explosion Proofness
    1. Category A, E,  H
  9. Section 10.0 Waterproofness
    1. Category Y, W, R, S
  10. Section 11.0 Fluids Susceptibility
    1. Category F
  11. Section 12.0 Sand and Dust
    1. Category D, S
  12. Section 13.0 Fungus Resistance
    1. Category F
  13. Section 14.0 Salt Spray
    1. Category S, T
  14. Section 15.0 Magnetic Effect
    1. Category Y, Z, A, B, C
  15. Section 16.0 Power Input
    1. Category : A(CF),  A(NF) or A(WF)  and  A, B, D or Z
  16. Section 17.0 Voltage Spike
    1. Category A, B
  17. Section 18.0 Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility – Power Inputs
    1. Category R(CF), R(NF) or R(WF)  and R, B, or Z
  18. Section 19.0 Induced Signal Susceptibility
    1. Categories R(CF), R(NF), and R(WF) , A(CF), A(NF), and A(WF) and R, B, and Z correspond to Categories A, B, and Z
  19. Section 20.0 Radio Frequency Susceptibility (Radiated and Conducted)
    1. Category AC AN AW,  BC, BN, BW,   CC, CN, CW,  ZC, ZN, ZW
  20. Section 21.0 Emission of Radio Frequency Energy
    1. Category B, D,  F, G, L, M, O, R, T, W,Q
    2. Category B, L, M, H, P, Q
  21. Section 22.0 Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility
    1. Category 6 Digit
  22. Section 23.0 Lightning Direct Effects
    1. Category 4 Digit
  23. Section 24.0 Icing
    1. Category A, B, C
  24. Section 25.0 Electrostatic Discharge
    1. Category A
  25. Section 26.0 Fire, Flammability
    1. Category A

MIL-STD-282 : Filter Units

28 Jan 2016 Comments
Off

MIL-STD-282 : Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components and Related Products: Performance Test Methods.

이 규격은 1952년경 제정된 MIL-F-10462A를 대체하여 1956년 5월 28일 제정되었습니다.

이 후 2012년 1월 17일, 2012년 9월 24일, 2015년, 6월 30일, 2015년 12월 22일 등 개정되었으나 개정된 이후의 규격은 미국정부와 계약된 공급자에게만 배포가 허용됩니다.  따라서 이 외의 목적으로는 1956년 제정된 규격만 열람할 수 있습니다.

미 국방성 규격 관련  상담문의 

 

Automotive test

24 Jan 2016 Comments
Off

자동차부분 시험 및 인증 안내

VOLKSWAGAN

BENZ

GM

toyota

기타 자동차 부품 시험 상담 바로가기

[MIL-STD-810] All Environmental Test – AP Network

17 Oct 2015 Comments
Off
Tags: , , , , ,

아래 각 시험규격은 저희 해외 파터너 시험소에서 수행할 수 있습니다.

해외특송 안내 당일 해외특송서비스의 경우,  보통 2일 후 현지 시험소에 시료가 도착합니다.

 

1. Altitude

ASTM D4169-14;
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006:
Chapter 3-09 Test CL9 – Rapid and Explosive Decompression;
GR-63-CORE, Issue 1 Paragraph 4.1 and 5.1;
GR-63-CORE, Issue 2, 3 Paragraph 4.1.3 and 5.1.3;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 . Low air pressure;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 . Low air pressure;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 . Low air pressure;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 . Low air pressure;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 . Low air pressure;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IEC 60721-3-2;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev.3 Test Number 3;
ISO 10236 Part 9;
ISO 14708-1:2000(E);
MIL-B-49430C (ER) Paragraph 4.8.7;
MIL-B-49458C (ER) Paragraph 4.7.7;
MIL-PRF-49471B (CR) Paragraph 4.7.7;
MIL-STD-202F Method 105C, Conditions A, B, C, and F;
MIL-STD-202G Method 105C, Conditions A, B, C, and F;
MIL-STD-810C Method 500.1, Procedures I and II;
MIL-STD-810D Method 500.2, Procedures I and II;
MIL-STD-810E Method 500.3, Procedures I and II;
MIL-STD-810F Method 500.4, Procedures I and II;
MIL-STD-810G Method 500.5 Procedures I, II, and III;
RTCA DO-160D, E, F, G Section 4, Paragraph 4.6.1, Category Ax, Bx, Cx, Dx, Ex, Fx;
UN Transport of Dangerous Goods, Test T.1

2. Temperature/Altitude

DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006:
Chapter 3-11 Test CL11 – High Temperature – Low Pressure,
Chapter 3-12 Test CL12 – Low Temperature – Low Pressure Test,
Chapter 3-13 Test CL13 – Low Temperature – Low Pressure – High Humidity;
MIL-STD-810C Method 504.1, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810D Method 520.0, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810E Method 520.1, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810F Method 520.2, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810G Method 520.3, Procedure I;
RTCA DO-160D, E, G Section 4

3. Bench Handling

MIL-STD-810C Method 516.2, Procedure V;
MIL-STD-810D Method 516.3, Procedure VI;
MIL-STD-810E Method 516.4, Procedure VI;
MIL-STD-810F Method 516.5, Procedure VI;
MIL-STD-810G Method 516.6, Procedure VI

4. Bounce (Loose Cargo Vibration)

ASTM D999, D999-96 (Method A2), D4169-14;
IEC 68-2-55, IEC 60068-2-55, Test Ee;
ISTA 1A-2014, ISTA 2A-2011, ISTA 3A-2008;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev.2 Test Number 4;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure IX Part 2, X, and XI;
MIL-STD-810D Method 514.3, Category 3, Procedure II;
MIL-STD-810E Method 514.4, Category 3, Procedure III;
MIL-STD-810F Method 514.5, Category 5, Procedure II;
MIL-STD-810G Method 514.6 Category 5, Procedure II

5. Compression, Stacking

ASTM D642, D4169, D7386-12;
GR-63 Core;
ISTA 2A-2011

6. Drop & Topple

DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006;
ETSI EN 300 019-2-77:2003-04;
IEC 68-2-31, IEC 60068-2-31, Test Ec;
IEC 68-2-31, IEC 60068-2-31 amm-1982: Test Ec;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Drop and Topple;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1: 03 – Drop and Topple;
ISTA 2A-2011;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 26;
QM-333 Paragraph 13.0, Categories A, B, C, D

7. Drop Test

ASTM D1083, D1083-91 Paragraph 10, 11, 12, 13;
ASTM 5276, ASTM 5276-98; ASTM D7386-12
EN 50130 Section 21 Free Fall (Operational);
EN 50130:1999 Section 21 Free Fall (Operational);
GR-63-CORE, Paragraph 5.3.1, Category A & B;
GR-63-CORE, Paragraph 5.3.2;
IEC 68-2-32, IEC 60068-2-32: Test Ed, Free Fall;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IEC 60721-3-2;
MIL-B-49430C (ER), Paragraph 4.8.3;
MIL-PRF-49471B (CR), Paragraph 3.10;
MIL-STD-810C Method 516.2 Procedure II;
MIL-STD-810D Method 516.3 Procedures III and IV;
MIL-STD-810E Method 516.4 Procedures III and IV;
MIL-STD-810F Method 516.5 Procedure IV;
MIL-STD-810G Method 516.6 Procedure IV;
MIL-STD-1344A Method 2015;
ISO 10651-3 Lung Ventilators Medical Use Part 3 Section 4: Protection against mechanical hazards;
BMW Group GS95003-1;
BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5: Environmental Test Methods DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006;
ISTA 1A-2014;
ISTA 2A-2011;
ISTA 3A-2008;
ASTM D4169-14;
IS 10236 Part 15;
ISO 14708-1:2000(E)

8. Fire, Flammability

GR-63 Core;
RTCA/DO-160E, F, G Section 26;
UL-94

9. Immersion

IEC 60529, Temporary Immersion IPx7, IPx8;
IEC 60529-2001 COR 1 2003, Temporary Immersion IPx7 Paragraph 14.2.7;
IEC 60529-2001 COR 1 2003, Continuous Immersion IPx8 Paragraph 14.2.8;
ISO 20653 Degrees of protection (IP-Code);
ISO 20653: 2006 Degrees of protection (IP-Code), IPx7, IPx8;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 19;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-STD-810C Method 512.1, Procedure I and IV;
MIL-STD-810D Method 512.2, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810E Method 512.3, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810F Method 512.4, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810G Method 512.6, Procedure I

10. Mechanical Shock

ASTM D4169-14, Schedule J- Concentrated Impact (Test Method D6344);
BMW Group GS95003-1;
BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5: Environmental Test Methods;
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006;
ETSI 300-019-2-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
GM 9123P;
IEC 68-2-27, IEC 60068-2-27:Test Ea;
IEC 68-2-29, IEC 60068-2-29:Test Eb;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Shock;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Shock;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Shock;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Shock;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Shock;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IEC 60068-2-75 – Hammer Tests;
IEC 62262 (EN 62262, IK ratings) – Impact;
IS 10236 Part 10 – Bump, IS 10236 Part 12 – Shock;
ISO 10651-3 Lung Ventilators Medical Use Part 3 Section 4: Protection against
mechanical hazards;
ISTA 1A-2014, ISTA 2A-2011, ISTA 3A-2008;
JEDEC Standard JESD22-B104C;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 4, 24;
MIL-B-49430, Paragraph 4.8.5;
MIL-B-49458C (ER), Paragraph 4.7.5;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-PRF-49471B (CR), Paragraph 3.9;
MIL-STD-202F Method 213B, Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H, I, J, and K;
MIL-STD-202G Method 213B, Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H, I, J, and K;
MIL-STD-810C Method 516.2, Procedures I, III, IV, and VI;
MIL-STD-810D Method 516.3, Procedures I, II, V, and VIII,
MIL-STD-810E Method 516.4, Procedures I, II, V, and VIII;
MIL-STD-810F Method 516.5, Procedures I, II, III, V, and VIII;
MIL-STD-810G Method 516.6 Procedures I, II, III, V, and VIII;
MIL-STD-883A Method 2002.1, Condition A;
MIL-STD-883E Method 2002.3, Condition A;
MIL-STD-883F Method 2002.4, Condition A;
MIL-STD-883G Method 2002.5, Condition A;
MIL-STD-883H Method 2002.6, Condition A;
MIL-STD-883J Method 2002.7, Condition A;
MIL-STD-1344A Method 2004.1, Conditions A, B, C, E, F, G, H, and I;
MIL-STD-1344A Method 2004.1, Conditions A, B, C, E, F, G, H and I;
RTCA DO-160D, 160E Section 7, Paragraphs 7.2.1, 7.2.2, Operational;
RTCA DO-160D Section 7, Paragraphs 7.3.1, 7.3.1.1, Crash Safety;
RTCA DO-160E, 160F, 160G Section 7, Paragraphs 7.3.1, 7.3.2, Crash Safety;
UL-1642 4ED Rev August 2006, Paragraph 14A

11. Rain (Water Test)

BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5: Environmental Test Methods
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006 Chapter 3-27;
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006 Chapter 3-28;
IEC 68-2-18, IEC 60068-2-18 Test Rb2;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Rain;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Rain;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Rain;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Rain;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Rain;
IEC 60529-2001 -02, Protection Against Water;
IEC 60529 IPX1 Vertically Dripping;
IEC 60529 IPX2 Dripping (150 tilted);
IEC 60529 IPX3 Spraying;
IEC 60529 IPX4 Splashing;
IEC 60529 IPX5 Jetting;
IEC 60529 IPX6 Powerful Jetting;
IEC 60529 IPX7 Immersion;
IEC 60529 IPX8 Immersion;
IEC 60529 IPX9 Resist Ingress of High Temperature (Steam)/High Pressure Water;
IS 10236 Part 14 – Driving Rain;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev.2 Test Number 11,12,16;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-STD-810C Method 506.2, Procedures I and II;
MIL-STD-810D Method 506.3, Procedures I and II;
MIL-STD-810E Method 506.4, Procedures I and III;
MIL-STD-810F Method 506.5, Procedures I and III;
MIL-STD-810G Method 506.6, Procedures I and III;
MIL-STD-108, Splashproof;
MIL-STD-108E, Splashproof Paragraph 4.9;
RTCA DO-160D,E,F,G Section 10;
MIL-STD-108, Splashproof;
MIL-STD-108E, Splashproof Paragraph 4.9;
RTCA DO-160D,E,F,G Section 10;

12. Contamination by Fluids

MIL-STD-108, Splashproof;
MIL-STD-108E, Splashproof Paragraph 4.9;
RTCA DO-160D,E,F,G Section 10;

13. Explosive Atmosphere Method 511 Section 9 Explosive proofness Test

MIL-STD 810B:67Method 511;
MIL-STD 810C:75Method 511;
MIL-STD 810D:83Method 511;
MIL-STD 810E:89 Method 511;
MIL-STD 810F:00 Method 511;
MIL-STD 810G:08 Method 511;
RTCA/ DO-160C Section 9;
RTCA/DO-160D:97+CHG1:00+ CHG2:01+ CHG3:02 Section 9;
RTCA/DO-160E:04 Section 9;
RTCA/DO-160F:07 Section 9;
RTCA/DO-160G:10 Section 9

14. Icing

DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006 Chapter 4-04 Test CN4;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev.2 Test Number 18;
MIL-STD 810 D,E,F,G Method 521;
RTCA/DO-160 C, D, E, F,G Section 24

15. Warehouse Stacking and Vehicle Stacking (Compression)

ASTM D4169-14;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Static Load;
ISTA 2A-2011

16. Salt Fog (Spray)

ASTM B117, B117-97, B117-2003;
BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5: Environmental Test Methods;
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006 Chapter 4-02 Test CN2;
DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION NO. 2.4 : ENVIRONMENTAL TEST SPECIFICATIONFOR INSTRUMENTATION AND AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT (April 2006);
GM 9123P;
GMW 14872;
IEC 68-2-11, Test Ka, Salt Fog, Corrigendum 1999;
IEC 68-2-52, IEC 60068-5-52, Test Kb Salt Fog, Cyclic;
IS 10236 Part 6;
ISO 9227;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 9;
MIL-C-83733;
MIL-C-5541E Class: 1A and 3;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-STD-202F Method 101D, Conditions A and B;
MIL-STD-202G Method 101E, Conditions A and B;
MIL-STD-810C Method 509.1;
MIL-STD-810D Method 509.2;
MIL-STD-810E Method 509.3;
MIL-STD-810F Method 509.4;
MIL-STD-810G Method 509.5;
MIL-STD-883E Method 1009.8, Conditions A, B, C and F;
MIL-STD-883F Method 1009.8, Conditions A, B, C and F;
MIL-STD-883G Method 1009.8, Condition A, B, C and F;
MIL-STD-883H Method 1009.8, Condition A, B, C and F;
MIL-STD-883J Method 1009.8, Condition A, B, C and F;
MIL-STD-1344A Method 1001.1, Conditions A, B, C and D;
RTCA DO-160D, E, F, G Section 14

17. Temperature

ASTM D4169-14;
“BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5: Environmental Test Methods;
Chapter 3-14 Test CL14 – Thermal Shock and Rapid Rate of Change of
Temperature;”
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006;
“DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION NO. 2.4:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEST SPECIFICATIONFOR INSTRUMENTATION
ANDAUTOMATION EQUIPMENT (April 2006);”
EIA/JEDEC Standard EIA/JESD22-A104-B;
EN 50130-5 Section 8 Dry Heat (Operational);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 8 Dry Heat (Operational);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 9 Dry Heat (Endurance);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 10 Cold (Operational);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 11 Temperature Change (Operational);
ETSI 300-019-2-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8;
GM 9123P;
GR-63-CORE, Paragraph 5.1.1.1, Low Temperature;
GR-63-CORE, Paragraph 5.1.1.2, High Temperature;
GR-1221-CORE, Paragraph 6.2.4, High Temperature;
GR-1221-CORE, Paragraph 6.2.6, Low Temperature;
GR-1221-CORE, Paragraph 6.2.7, Thermal Shock;
IEC 68-2-1, IEC 60068-2-1, Test Aa, Ab, Ac, and Ad, Low Temperature;
IEC 68-2-2, IEC 60068-2-2, Test Ba, Bb, Bc and Bd, High Temperature;
IEC 68-2-14, IEC 60068-2-14, Test Na, Nb and Nc, Temperature Cycling;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Low Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – High Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Temperature cycle;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Low Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – High Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Temperature cycle;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Low Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – High Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Temperature cycle;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Low Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – High Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Temperature cycle;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Low Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – High Temperature;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Temperature cycle;
IEC 60721-3-2;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IS 10236 Part 2 – Dry Heat;
IS10236 Part 3 – Cold;
IS 10236 Part 8 – Thermal Shock;
ISO 14708-1:200 (E);
ISTA 1A-2014, ISTA 2A-2011, ISTA 3A-2008;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 13, 20, 22;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-STD-202F Method 107D, Conditions A, A-1, A-2, A-3, B, B-1, B-2, B-3, F, F-1, F-2, and F-3, Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-202G Method 107G, Conditions A, A-1, A-2, A-3, B, B-1, B-2, B-3, F, F-1, F-2, and F-3, Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-202F, G Method 108A, High Temperature;
MIL-STD-810C Method 501.1, Procedure I, High Temperature;
MIL-STD-810C Method 501.1, Procedure II, Temperature Cycling;
MIL-STD-810C Method 502.1, Procedure I, II, III Low Temperature;
MIL-STD-810C Method 503.1, Procedure I, Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-810D Method 501.2, Procedure I, II High Temperature;
MIL-STD-810D Method 502.2, Procedure I, II, III Low Temperature;
MIL-STD-810D Method 503.2, Procedure I, Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-810E Method 501.3, Procedure I, II High Temperature;
MIL-STD-810E Method 502.3, Procedure I, II Low Temperature;
MIL-STD-810E Method 502.3, Procedure III, Low Temperature;
MIL-STD-810E Method 503.3, Procedure I, Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-810F Method 501.4, Procedure I, II High Temperature;
MIL-STD-810F Method 502.4, Procedure I, II, III Low Temperature;
MIL-STD-810F Method 503.4, Procedure I, II Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-810G Method 503.5, Procedure I, II Thermal Shock;
MIL-STD-810G Method 501.5, Procedure I, II High Temperature;
MIL-STD-810G Method 502.5, Procedure I, II, III Low Temperature;
MIL-STD-883E, F, G, H Method 1010.7, Condition A, B, C, and F, Thermal Shock;
RTCA DO-160D, E, F, G Section 4 and 5;
TIA/EIA 455-4C, High Temperature

18. Solar Radiation (Sunshine)

ASTM G154-12a;
BS EN 50130-5:11;
BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5 : Environmental Test Methods;
MIL-STD-810C, D, E, F, G Method 505.1, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810C, D, E, F, G Method 505.1, Procedure II;
IEC 60068-2-5:75; Part 2-5: Tests – Test Sa;
IEC 60068-2-5:10;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Solar Radiation;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Solar Radiation;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Solar Radiation;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Solar Radiation;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Solar Radiation;
IS 10236 Part 16;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev.2 Test Number 25

19. Temperature and Humidity

ASTM D4169-14;
BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5: Environmental Test Methods;
DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006;
DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION NO. 2.4: ENVIRONMENTAL TEST SPECIFICATIONFOR INSTRUMENTATION ANDAUTOMATION EQUIPMENT (April 2006);
EIA/JEDEC Standard EIA/JESD22-A101-B;
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 12 Damp Heat, Steady State (Operational);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 13 Damp Heat (Endurance);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 14 Damp Heat Cycling (Operational);
EN 50130-5:1999 Section 15 Damp Heat Cycling (Endurance);
ETSI 300-019-2-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
GM 9123P;
GR-63-CORE, Issue 1, Paragraph 5.1.1.3, Humidity;
GR-63-CORE, Issue 1, 2 and 3, Paragraph 5.1.2, Humidity;
GR-1221-CORE, Paragraph 6.2.5 and 6.2.8, Humidity;
IEC 68-2-3, Test Ca, Humidity replaced by IEC 60068-2-78;
IEC 68-2-30, IEC 60068-2-30, 3ed 2005, Test Db, Humidity;
IEC 68-2-38 led 1974,Test Z/AD, Humidity;
IEC 60068-2-56, Test Cb, Humidity superseded by IEC 680068-2-78:2001;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Humidity/Damp Heat;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Humidity/Damp Heat;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Humidity/Damp Heat;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Humidity/Damp Heat;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Humidity/Damp Heat;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IEC 60721-3-2;
IS 10236 Part 4 – Damp Heat;
IS 10236 Part 5 – Damp Hear (Cyclic);
ISTA 1A- 2014, ISTA 2A-2011, ISTA 3A-2008;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 10, 27;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-STD-202F Method 103B, Conditions A, B, C, and D, Humidity;
MIL-STD-202F Method 106E, Humidity;
MIL-STD-202G Method 103B, Conditions A, B, C, and D, Humidity;
MIL-STD-202G Method 106G, Humidity;
MIL-STD-810C Method 507.1, Procedures I, II, III, IV, and VI;
MIL-STD-810D Method 507.2, Procedures I, II, and III;
MIL-STD-810E Method 507.3, Procedures I, II, and III;
MIL-STD-810F Method 507.4, Procedure I;
MIL-STD-810G Method 507.5 Procedures I, and II;
MIL-STD-883E Method 1004.7;
MIL-STD-883F Method 1004.7;
MIL-STD-883G Method 1004.7;
MIL-STD-883H Method 1004.7;
MIL-STD-883J Method 1004.7;
MIL-STD-1344A Method 1002.2, Type I, Conditions A, B, C, and D;
MIL-STD-1344A Method 1002.2, Type II, and III;
RTCA DO-160C,D,E,F,G Section 6;
TIA/EIA 455-5C, Method A, Conditions A, B, C, D and E, Humidity;
TIA/EIA 455-5C, Method B and C, Humidity;

20. Vibration

ASTM D999, ASTM D999-96, D999-2001 Method Al, B, C, Sine Vibration;
ASTM D4169-14;
ASTM D4728, ASTM D4728-95, D4728-2006 RandomVibration;
BRB/LU Ltd /RIA SPECIFICATION No 20:1988 (Testing for Railway Vehicles);
“DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION NO. 2.4
: ENVIRONMENTAL TEST SPECIFICATIONFOR INSTRUMENTATION
ANDAUTOMATION EQUIPMENT (April 2006);”
GR-63-CORE, Paragraph 5.4.2, Sine Vibration;
GR-63-CORE, Paragraph 5.4.3, Sine Vibration;
GR-1221-CORE, Paragraph 6.2.2, Sine Vibration;
General Motors Engineering Standards GM 9123P;
General Motors Engineering Standards GM 3155;
IEC 68-2-6, IEC 60068-2-6, Test Fc, Sine Vibration;
IEC 68-2-34:73 AMD 1 83, Test Fd, Random Vibration;
IEC 68-2-36, Test Fdb, Random vibration superseded by IEC 60068-2-64;
IEC 68-2-64 1993 COR 1 1993, Test Fh, Random Vibration;
IEC 60601-1-11;
IEC 60721-4-1:2001+A1:03 – Sine Vibration;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Random Vibration;
IEC 60721-4-2:2001+A1:03 – Sine Vibration;
IEC 60721-4-3:2001+A1:03 – Sine Vibration;
IEC 60721-4-4:2001+A1:03 – Sine Vibration;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Random Vibration;
IEC 60721-4-7:2001+A1:03 – Sine Vibration;
IEC 60721-3-2;
IS 10236 Part 11;
ISTA 1A-2014, ISTA 2A-2011, ISTA 3A-2008;
JIS E 3014: 1999 Part of Railway signal – Vibration Test Methods;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev. 2 Test Number 4, 28;
MIL-B-49430, Paragraph 4.8.6, Sine Vibration;
MIL-B-49458C (ER), Paragraph 4.8.6, Sine Vibration;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-PRF-49471B (CR), Paragraph 4.7.6;
MIL-STD-202F Method 201A, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-202F Method 204D, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-202F Method 214 Condition I, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-202F Method 214 Condition II, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-202G Method 201 A, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-202G Method 204D, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-202F Method 204D, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, Sine Vibration;
“MIL-STD-202F Method 214 Condition I, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,
J, K, Random Vibration;”
MIL-STD-202F Method 214 Condition II, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-202G Method 201 A, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-202G Method 204D, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, Sine Vibration;
“MIL-STD-202G Method 214 Condition I, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,
J, K, Random Vibration;”
MIL-STD-202G Method 214 Condition II, Test Conditions A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD 167 -1A:05 – Vibrations of Shipboard Equipment;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure I, Curve AR-L, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure 1, Curve B, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure 1, Curve M, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure IA, Figure 514.2-2A, Random Vibration
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure IIA, Figure 514.2-4, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure IIB, Figure 514.2-4, Random Vibration;
“MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure V, VI, VII,
Figure 514.2-4A, Sine & Random Vibration;”
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure VIII, Curve V, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure VIII, Curve W, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810C Method 514.2, Procedure VIII, Curve Y, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810D Method 514.3, Category 1, Procedure I, Random Vibration;
EIA/JEDEC STANDEARD EIA/JESD22 –B103-B;
MIL-STD-810D Method 514.3, Category 10, Procedure 1, Sine & Random Vibration
MIL-STD-810D Method 514.3, Category 4, 5, 6, 7B, 7C, 8, 9, Procedure I, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810D Method 514.3, Category 7A, Procedure IV, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810D Method 519.3, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810E Method 514.4, Category 1, 4, 5, 6, 7B, 7C, 8, 9, Procedure I, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-8 I0E Method 514.4, Category 10, Procedure 1, Sine & Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810E Method 514.4, Category 7A, Procedure IV, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-8 1OE Method 519.4, Gunfire Vibration;
MIL-STD-810E Method 521.1;
MIL-STD-810F Method 514.5 Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, Procedure I, Random Vibration;
“MIL-STD-810F Method 514.5, Category 15, 17, 18, 19, Procedure IV, Random
Vibration;”
MIL-STD-810F Method 514.5, Category 20, Procedure III, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-8 10F Method 514.5, Category 24, Procedure 1, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-810F Method 519.5, Gunfire Vibration;
MIL-STD-810F Method 521.2;
MIL-STD-810F Method 528, Shipboard Equipment;
MIL-STD-810G Method 514.6, Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 221, 22, 23, 24, 25, Procedure I, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810G Method 514.6, Category 15, 17, 18, 19, Procedure IV, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810G Method 514.6, Category 20, Procedure III, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-810G Method 519.6, Gunfire Vibration;
MIL-STD-810G Method 521.3;
MIL-STD-883E, F, G, H, J Method 2005.2, Test Conditions A, B, C, Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD-883E, F, G, H, J Method 2026, Condition 1, Test Conditions A, B, C, E, F, G, H, J,K, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD-883E, F, G, H, J Method 2026, Condition 11, Test Conditions A, B, C, E, F, 0, H, J, K, Random Vibration;
MIL-STD- I 344A Method 1015, Condition B (Group III) Sine Vibration;
MIL-STD- I 344A Method 2005.1, Conditions I, II, III, IV, V (A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H, J, K), VI (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K);
RTCA DO-160D Section 8;
RTCA DO-160E Section 8;
RTCA DO-160F Section 8;
RTCA DO-160G Section 8;
TIA/EIA 455-1 IB, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition I, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1113, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition 11, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1113, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition III, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-11B, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition IV, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1113, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition IV, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1113, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition VI, Random Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1 IB, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition VII, Random Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1 I C, TIAIEIA 455-11C, Condition I, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-11C, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition II, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1 IC, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition III, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-11 C, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition IV, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-11C, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition IV, Sine Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-1 1C, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition VI, Random Vibration;
TIA/EIA 455-11C, TIA/EIA 455-11C, Condition VII, Random Vibration;
QM-333 Paragraph 12.0, Category A, B, C, D, Sine Vibration;
UL-1642, Paragraph 15, Sine Vibration;
UN Transport of Dangerous Goods, Test T.2, Sine Vibration;
ISO 10651-3 Lung Ventilators Medical Use Part 3;
ISO 14708-1:200 (E), Section 4: Protection against mechanical hazards;
BS EN 50155:2007;
BS EN 61373:1999;
DEF-STD 00-35 part 3;
DEF-STD 00-35 part 5;
ETSI 300-019-2-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
NATO AECTP-400 Edition 3;
BMW Group GS95003-1;
ASTM D999, Method A1, B, C, Sine Vibration;
ASTM D999, ASTM D999-96, D999-2001 (Method A1, B, C, Sine Vibration);
ASTM D4728, Random Vibration;
ASTM D4728, ASTM D4728-95, D4728-2006 Random Vibration;
EN 50130 Section 22,23 Vibration, Sinusoidal;
EN 50130:1999 Section 22 Vibration, Sinusoidal (Operational);
EN 50130:1999 Section 23 Vibration, Sinusoidal (Endurance);
BS EN 50130-5:1999 Alarm Systems Part 5 : Environmental Test methods

21. HALT

Highly Accelerated Life Test (HALT);
Cold Temperature Steps;
Hot Temperature Steps;
Cold Start Test;
Temperature Cycling;
Random Vibration-3 axis;
Temperature & Vibration Combined Cycling;
Temperature Measurements

22. HASS

Highly Accelerated Stress Simulation (HASS); Stress Profile Definition; Analyzing POS Stage; Mounting Jig Assembly;
Running Multi-Tester Jig; Set-up for Mass Production; Temperature & Vibration Combined Cycling

23. IR Imaging

Using Inframetrics PM920 Thermacam IR Camera Using Method:
ThermaCAM Hand-held IR Imaging Radiometers Operating Instructions

24. Sand & Dust

DEF STAN 00-35, Part 3, Issue 4:2006 Chapter 3-25 Test CL25;
IEC 60529-2001 COR 1 2003, Degrees of Protection provided by Enclosures
(IP Code) Degrees of protection (IP-Code), IP5X,6X;
IS 10236 Part 13;
JSS 55555:2000 Rev.2 Test Number 14;
MIL-DLT-62547C(AT);
MIL-STD-810 C, D, E, F, G, Method 510, Procedures I, II and III;
RTCA DO-160 C,D,E,F,G, Section 12, Procedure II

Turf testing in accordance with ASTM method

05 May 2015 Comments
Off

평택 미군기지 공사 관련  UFGS (Unified Facilities Guide Specifications )규격에 따른 인조잔디 시험방법 안내

아래 각 시험항목은 UFGS (Unified Facilities Guide Specifications )의 일부 입니다.

FTIR Scan (Infrared scan)

ASTM D 1907: Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn by the Skein Method (Denier)

ASTM D 1335; Tuft Bind

ASTM D 2256; Tensile Properties by Single-Strand Method (Breaking Strength & Elongation)

ASTM D 2261: Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure Using CRE Tensile Tester

ASTM D 2859; Ignition Characteristics with infill (Pill Burn)

DIN 18-035 Part 6; Water Permeability

ASTM D 5034; Breaking Strength and Elongation (Grab Test)

ASTM D 5793: Standard Test Method for Binding Sites Per Unit Length or Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings (Stitch & Gauge)

ASTM D 5823; Tuft Height

ASTM D 5848; Mass per unit Area (Total, Pile, Secondary & Primary Weight)

ASTM E 648; Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat
Energy Source (Turf with infill)

ASTM E 794 Melt & Crystallization Temperatures by Thermal Analysis

ASTM F 355: Standard Test Methods for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface  Systems and Materials ( Procedure A) (with infill)

ASTM F 2765 Standard Specification for Total Lead Content in Synthetic Turf Fibers

ASTM F 1015: Standard Test Method for Relative Abrasiveness of Synthetic Turf
Playing Surfaces (with infill)

 

시험시료의 내용은 다음과 같습니다.

  1. 4’ Feet Length X 15’ Feet Width Turf Roll
  2. 1 Cone of Each Yarn Used in Production of Turf

 

[infill & rubber chip]

Infill 1